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Hey there I’m Emma from mmmEnglish! Today we’re going to roll up our sleeves and practise with the second conditional.
大家好，我是 Emma，欢迎来到 Emma 的美味英语频道！今天我们要撸起袖子学习第二条件句。
Now this is one of my favourite grammar structures in English because we use it in different ways and we can have lots of fun with it as well?
So that you know exactly what will happen in this lesson let me give you a bit of an overview.
这是我最喜欢的英语语法结构之一，因为有不同的使用方式，我们也可以从中获得很多乐趣。为了让大家知道本节课程会讲什么内容，我先跟大家简单说一下吧。
Firstly we’re going to talk about the meaning, when and why you should use the second conditional. Then we’re going to look at what it looks like, what words, what tenses, what punctuation are important to help you use the second conditional accurately.
首先，我们要讨论第二条件句的含义，以及什么时候和为什么要使用第二条件句。然后呢，我们要看看它是什么样子的，有哪些词汇、时态和标点对于帮助你们正确地使用第二条件句非常重要。
Then I’ve got a few important extra tips to help you use the second conditional correctly. So make sure you stick around for that part and of course, there’ll be some practice at the end.
然后呢，我有一些重要的额外的小技巧帮助你们正确使用第二条件句。一定要坚持到那部分哦，最后也会有一些练习。
I’ll be making a series of videos about conditionals so make sure you subscribe to the channel and turn on notifications so that you know when each new lesson is ready for you.
Now this lesson is a little longer than usual because I really want to give you a clear and complete understanding of the second conditional.
我会制作一系列有关条件句的视频，所以一定要订阅我的频道，并且打开通知哦，这样新课程发布的时候你们就可以知道啦。这节课的时长比平时要长一点，因为我真的想让大家对第二条件句有一个清晰完整的理解。
So go grab a coffee or a cup of tea, settle in. You won’t regret it.
倒杯咖啡或者是茶，静下心来学习吧。你不会后悔的。
Before we dive into this lesson, I want to make sure you know that the Lingoda Language Sprint is about to start. This intensive online language course runs for ninety days and it’s gonna boost your English grammar, your vocabulary, your speaking skills.
在我们开始本节课程之前，我想确认一下大家是不是都知道 Lingoda 语言冲刺即将开始了。这个强度很高的在线语言课程会持续九十天，它会提高你的英语语法、词汇量和口语技巧。
Plus you can earn one hundred per cent of your money back if you finish it. And because Lingoda are now an official partner of Cambridge Assessment English, all sprinters can take the Cambridge online language test for free.
除此之外，如果你完成了所有的课程的话，可以全额返还你的学费哦。而且呢，因为 Lingoda 现在是剑桥英语考评部的官方合作伙伴，所以呢，所有的冲刺跑选手都可以免费进行剑桥在线语言测试。
Sprint registrations are open right now so you still have time to join. In just three months you could be speaking English more confidently and more accurately.
冲刺跑注册现已开放，所以你还有时间参加哦。在短短三个月的时间内，你在说英语的时候会变得更加自信、更加准确。
But it won’t happen unless you take action.
So if you’re the kind of person who thrives on a challenge, if you’ve told yourself that this year is going to be the year that you make it happen, then this is the perfect opportunity to prove what you’re capable of.
但是呢，除非你采取行动，否则改变并不会发生呢。所以呢，如果你是那种在挑战中壮成长的人的话，如果你告诉过自己，今年将是你实现这个目标的一年，那么这就是证明自己能力的绝佳机会。
To see my personal review of the Lingoda Sprint, to learn more about what to expect and find out if it’s actually possible to get that one hundred percent refund watch that video up there or head to the description below for all the details and to secure your place on the next Sprint.
And if you use this code right here, you’ll also get a discount on your first month’s fees.
如果想看看我对Lingoda Sprint的个人评论，想要了解更多关于该抱有什么样的期待，想要看看是不是真的有可能获得百分之百的退款的话，可以观看这个视频，或前往视频下方的描述区，以获取所有详细信息，为自己在下一场冲刺跑预约一个位置。如果你使用这个邀请码的话，还将获得第一个月费用的折扣。
So happy sprinting! Alright let’s get started with this lesson.
祝大家冲刺开心！好了，让我们开始课程吧。
When can you use the second conditional? We use it in a few ways: to imagine that our lives or someone else’s life is different; we use it to ask hypothetical questions; to give advice; and to give reasons why you can’t do something.
什么时候可以使用第二条件句？有以下几种使用方式：想象我们的生活或其他人的生活或许会不一样；使用它来询问假设性的问题；给出建议；给出你不能做某件事情的原因。
So you might have practised a little with the first two but the third and the fourth are both interesting and different ways to use the second conditional. So I’m really excited to get into those.
前两种用法你可能已经练习过一些了，但是第三个和第四个用法也都是很有趣的、使用第二条件句的不同的方式。要讲到这些我感觉超级激动哎。
But let’s start with number one. We use the second conditional to talk about things in the future that are unlikely or things that are impossible in the present.
但是，让我们还是从第一种用法开始吧。我们会使用第二条件句来谈论事物在未来不太可能发生的事情，或者是目前不可能的事情。
So we use it to imagine and to dream that the present situation is different than it really is. Now this could be because it’s impossible now or because it’s really unlikely to become real in the future, not completely impossible but unlikely.
我们会用它来想象目前的情况与实际情况有所不同。确实是可以这样的，因为目前来说不可能发生，或者因为在未来也不太可能会成真，但是并非完全不可能，而是不太可能。
So with the second conditional, we say if this happened then that would happen. So for example, if I had enough money, I would buy a house.
所以呢，用第二条件句的话，我们会说如果发生这种情况的话，那么另外一件事情就可以发生。例如说，如果我有足够的钱，我就会买房子。
If the present situation was different then I would do that. If I won the lottery, I’d buy a house.
如果现在的情况不一样的话，我会做的。如果我赢了彩票，我就会买房子。
Now this is an unlikely event in the future right because it’s unlikely I’m gonna win the lottery. Possible but unlikely.
这是未来不太可能发生的事情，因为我不太可能会中彩票。有可能性，但不太可能。
Before we keep going with the other ways to use the second conditional, let’s spend a little bit of time focusing on what it looks like.
Conditional sentences all have an if clause and a main clause which is sometimes also called the result clause because it can only happen if the if clause occurs. It’s a condition, right?
在我们继续其他的使用第二条件句的方式之前，让我们花一点时间来看看第二条件句是长什么样子的吧。条件语句都有一个 if 从句和一个主句，主句有时也称为结果句，因为它只会在 if 从句发生的情况下才会发生。这是个条件，对吧？
If this happens, then that happens. Now what exactly makes a conditional sentence the second conditional?
如果发生这种情况，那么那种情况就会发生。那么是什么让一个条件句成为了第二条件句呢？
So the second conditional uses a past simple verb in the if clause then ‘would’ followed by the infinitive verb in the main clause. If she lived in London, she would have English friends.
在第二条件句中，if 从句使用的是一般过去时动词，而主句是‘would’加动词不定式。如果她住在伦敦，就会有英国朋友。
The if clause is the condition. Does she live in London?
If 子句是条件。她住在伦敦吗？
No, we’re talking about a hypothetical situation here, right, so the result clause suggests what would be different and would tells us that we’re imagining the result or you know she would have English friends. It’s not real. She doesn’t have English friends now but it could happen if she lived in London.
并不是，我们在这里讨论的是一种假设的情况，所以结果从句表明的是会有什么不同，告诉我们结果是想象的，她可能会有英语朋友，但是并不是真的。她现在没有英国朋友，但是如果她住在伦敦的话，那有可能会发生。
If she lived in London, she would have English friends. Now you can definitely make one or both clauses negative in a second conditional sentence.
如果她住在伦敦，就会有英国朋友。在第二条件句中，主句和从句都可以是否定式。
If I didn’t want to go, I would tell you. If I didn’t finish my homework, I wouldn’t tell my teacher.
如果我不想去的话，我会告诉你的。如果我没有完成作业的话，我并不会告诉我的老师。
And of course, we can ask second conditional questions too. Hypothetical questions to ask someone to imagine what they would do in a different situation.
当然了，我们也可以问第二条件句问题。询问别人假设性的问题，让别人去想象，如果情况不同的话，他们会做什么。
So these situations are not real but it’s kind of fun to ask these types of questions right? It really helps to keep conversations going sometimes.
这些情况并不是真实的，但是询问这种问题还挺有意思的，对吧？有时候对于保持对话继续进行确实很有帮助。
What would you do if you quit your job? If you won a million dollars, would you travel the world?
如果辞职的话，你会怎么办呢？如果赢了一百万美元的话，你会环游世界吗？
If you only had one day in Singapore, what would you do? See how fun these types of questions can be?
如果你在新加坡只有一天的时间的话，你会做什么呢？这种类型的问题很有趣吧？
Choose one of them to answer in the comments below but make sure you write your answer as a full second conditional sentence to practise the structure okay? If I only had one day in Singapore, I would. . .
选择其中一个在下面的评论区中回答一下吧，但为了练习这种结构，要保证写下的答案是完整的第二条件句，好吗？如果我在新加坡只有一天时间的话，我会……
Now you can actually use ‘could’ in the if clause to ask a similar question so you would be saying if you were able to or if it were possible to. If you could travel to any country, where would you go?
你可以在 if 从句中使用‘could’来询问相同的问题，你想表达的是，如果你可以，或者是是不是有可能。如果你可以去任何国家旅行的话，你会去哪里呢？
Now notice that when you use ‘could’ in the if clause, the verb that follows ‘could’ is in the infinitive form not in the past simple and that’s because it’s a modal verb right? Standard English grammar rule.
要注意的是，当你在 if 从句中使用“could”的时候，“could”之后的动词为不定式形式，而不是一般过去时，那是因为“could”是一个情态动词，对吧？标准英语语法规则。
After modal verbs, we always have the infinitive.
Now we’ve been talking about hypothetical situations so far but what are these other uses because we can use the second conditional to give advice and if you think about it, when someone asks you for advice, you usually try to imagine what you would do in their situation and share that with them.
在情态动词之后，我们需要用不定式。我们一直在谈论假设的情况，但是其他的情况该怎么用呢，因为我们开可以使用第二条件句来给出建议，想象一下，当别人向你寻求建议的时候，你通常会去想象一下，如果你在他们这种情况下会做什么，然后和他们分享。
So for example. If I were you, I’d talk to my boss before I quit my job.
例如说。如果我是你的话，在辞职之前，我会先和我老板谈谈。
Or: If I were her, I’d break up with him. Now if you’re wondering why in both of those examples I was using ‘were’ with the subject I, I’m going to talk about that in a few minutes.
或者是：如果我是她的话，我会和他分手的。如果你在想为什么在这两个例子中我用的是“were”和主语“I”搭配的话，我会在几分钟之后谈到这件事情的。
But lastly, you can use the second conditional to give reasons why you can’t do something. You’ve probably already noticed that English speakers are usually quite polite to each other.
不过最后一种情况是，可以使用第二条件句来说明为什么你不能做某事的原因。你可能已经注意到，说英语的人通常对彼此都很有礼貌。
Instead of just saying ‘no’ we often try and soften our responses by explaining why we can’t do something and sometimes you might just want to explain a situation a little more so the second conditional can really help you to do this. So for example, if I had the money, I’d lend it to you.
我们并不会只是说“不”，而是会通过解释为什么我们不能做某件事情，来让我们的回应更加和缓一点，有时候你可能想要就某个情况多解释一点，而第二条件句可以帮助你。例如说，如果我有钱的话，我会借给你的。
I don’t have to explain myself any further here. This sentence already explains that I don’t have the money so I can’t help.
我不必再次继续解释了。这句话已经说明我没有钱，所以我无能为力。
But it suggests that maybe you want to, that maybe you would if you could. If I wasn’t so busy, I’d invite you over for dinner.
但这可以表明可能你想要，如果可以的话，你还是愿意帮别人的。如果我不那么忙的话，我会请你共进晚餐。
But I am really busy so I can’t invite you over. So we’ve covered what the second conditional looks like and when you can use it but now I want to share some extra tips to help you understand it better and to help you use it accurately.
但是我真的很忙，所以我不能邀请你来共进晚餐。我们已经说完了第二条件句长什么样子，以及什么时候可以使用它，但是现在呢，我想分享一些小技巧，帮助你们更好地理解它以及正确地使用它。
So the first one I want to mention is that ‘if’ is a conjunction, right? The purpose of conjunctions is to join two sentences or two different clauses together.
我想说的第一点是 ‘if’ 是一个连词，对不对？连词的目的是将两个句子或者是两个不同的从句连在一起。
There’s a really strong relationship between the two clauses in a conditional sentence, right? They’re really connected.
条件句的两个从句之间的关系非常紧密，对吧？它们非常紧密地联系在一起。
The if clause contains a condition and the main clause contains the result, right? They rely on each other.
If 从句包含一个条件，然后主句里面包含的是结果，对吧？它们互相依赖。
Now you may know that with all conditional sentences, you can change the order of your clauses. When this happens, it doesn’t change the meaning but there is an important punctuation change that you need to make.
你可能知道所有的条件中，从句的顺序都是可以调换的。发生这种情况时，并不会改变意义，但是需要改变标点符号。
If it stopped raining, I would go for a walk. I would go for a walk if it stopped raining.
如果停止下雨的话，我会去散步。如果停止下雨的话，我会去散步。
Now the meaning in these two sentences is exactly the same but notice that when the main clause comes first, we don’t include that comma before the if clause.
Now to be honest this is really only significant if you’re sitting an English exam or you’re doing academic writing.
这两个句子的意思是完全相同的，但是要注意的是，当主句先出现的时候，if 从句前面没有逗号。说实话，这只有在你参加英语考试或者是进行学术写作的时候才比较重要。
You’re going to get marked down for that type of punctuation error. But generally, that’s not really something you need to lose sleep over.
如果你的标点符号用错了的话会被扣分的。但是总的来说，这并不是什么你们要为之十分担心的事情。
Now in spoken English, the subject and ‘would’, they’re usually contracted. I’d, you’d, she’d, he’d, they’d, we’d.
在英语口语中，主语和“would”通常都会缩写。I’d, you’d, she’d, he’d, they’d, we’d。
Now it’s much easier to say this type of sentence quickly and it helps you to sound a little more relaxed as well.
But these contractions, very common in spoken English, common in informal written English but you shouldn’t be using contractions in formal written English, right? Just steer clear completely.
这样会使得快速说这种类型的句子更加容易，而且也会帮助你听起来更加放松一点。但是这些缩写在英语口语中很常见，在非正式书面英语中也很常见，但是你不应该在正式场合使用缩写，对吧？要完全避开这种情况。
Now one of the most interesting parts about the second conditional is that it breaks some standard be verb grammar rules, right? We can actually use ‘were’ instead of ‘was’ with I, he, she and it, right?
第二条件句最有趣的一部分是它违反了动词“be”的标准语法规则，对吧？我们使用的是“were”，而不是“was”和我、他、她和它搭配，是吧？
Both of them are grammatically correct but I guess ‘were’ is a little more formal alright so we would use it in more formal situations. If I was you, I would break up with him.
它们从语法来说都是正确的，但是我觉得“were”更加正式一点，所以我们会在更加正式一点的场合使用它。如果我是你的话，我会和他分手。
If I were you, I would break up with him. Both of those sentences are the same.
如果我是你的话，我会和他分手。这两个句子是相同的。
If she was taller. . . If she were taller. . . she would be an air hostess.
如果她更高的话……如果她更高的话……她会是一名空姐。
So again we can use either, it’s totally okay. ‘Were’ is a little more formal.
所以呢，我们两个都可以使用，都是没问题的。“Were” 更加正式一点。
All right, phew, oh my gosh! So after all of that, I want you to practise writing some sentences with me in the comments.
好的，呼呼，我的天哪！学完这些之后，我想让大家和我一起练习在评论区造一点句子。
Now if you’re feeling pretty confident about this, go ahead and create your own sentences, freestyle, you know. Get creative. Give advice. Talk about hypothetical situations.
如果你对此感到非常自信的话，那就去造句吧，自由发挥。充分发挥你们的创意。提出建议。谈论假想的情况。
Give reasons why but if you’re feeling still maybe a little uncertain, I’ve added these questions in the description below so all you need to do is copy them and paste them into your comment and then complete the answers yourself.
So I’ll be down there checking your answers all weekend to make sure you’re getting them right and if you need some help and support, I’ll be there.
给出原因，但是如果你感觉有点点不确定的话，我已经把这些问题添加在下方描述区了，所以你们需要做的就是复制它们，粘贴到你们的评论中，然后自己把答案给完成。我周末也会下去检查大家的答案，保证大家的使用都是正确的，如果你们需要帮助和支持的话，我会在那里的哦。
If you enjoyed this lesson, make sure you give it a like, subscribe to my channel so that you know when the next lesson is going to be ready for you.
As I said, I will be adding more lessons just like this, with the first, the third, mixed conditionals as well.
如果你喜欢本节课程的话，那就给它一个赞吧，订阅我的频道，这样你们就可以知道下节课什么时候为你们准备好啦。正如我之前说过的，我会添加更多像这样的课程，关于第一、第三和混合条件句。
They’re coming. So I’m guessing that your grammar brain is a little fried right now so if you’re keen to keep practising with me, let’s try something a little lighter, maybe some pronunciation perhaps.
它们很快就要来了哦。我猜你们的语法大脑现在有点点疲惫了，所以如果你想要继续和我一起练习的话，让我们尝试一点轻松的吧，或许发音练习就不错。
Thanks for watching friends. I will see soon. Bye!
感谢亲们的观看,期待很快再见。拜拜！